Agent Orange: Contaminating Americans and Vietnamese
Primary Source
Books
Hogan, Patrick. Silent Spring Deadly Autumn Of The Vietnam War. Ephrata, PA: Whatnot Enterprises, 2018. Print.
This source shared Patrick Hogan’s experience in the war and other as as well. Sharing stories of contaminated veterans and discussing the toxic ingredients used in various chemical herbicides in Vietnam. Then, talked about the DVA using incorrect studies and denying veterans of compensation. I used information from this book for my script.
Documentary
"Aerial Footage Of U.S Planes Spraying Agent Orange In Vietnam." Daily Mail. 8 March 2018. Online.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJEpaZTR7vo
This video shows footage of planes and helicopters spray Agent Orange. I used a clip of it in my "Toxic Jungle" page.
Kennedy, John. "President John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address." CBSNEWS.com. 16 January 2011. Online.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEC1C4p0k3E
President John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address in 1961, pledged to defend Southeast Asia from communism. I used a clip of the video for my "Context" page.
"U.S Soliders Spraying Agent Orange Defoliant Onto A Rivebank Without Protective Equipment." Vietnam Center And Archive. 3 March 2010. Online.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUZA0GAMmfI
This video shows soliders spraying Agent Orange on the river without protective gear.
Documents
Dr. James R. Clary. PROJECT: Checo Southeast Asia Report Ranch Hand Herbicide Operations In Sea. Pentagon, 1971.
https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a484753.pdf
This primary source written in 1971 gave a full report on the sprayed jungles in Vietnam. Giving information on how many gallons of Agent Orange was sprayed, then showing a picture of spray missions in Vietnam. It discussed the animals, fish, and ecosystem of Vietnam, stating that they were fine. I used images from the report for my Toxic Jungle page.
Newspapers
Barry, Jan. “VA Tells Its Side Of The Story.” Morristown, New Jersey: Daily Record, 12 May 1980. Newspapers.com.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/254912627/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
This newspaper writeen in 1980 shares statesment from Max Cleland the Chief of VA. Max Cleland states that the Veterans Administration is trying its best to help Vietnam Veterans yet veterans and people who work at the VA say otherwise. I used this information and quotes for my "Breaking Barriers" page.
Clabby, Catherine. “U.S., Vietnam Join To Study War Toxin.” Coshocton, Ohio: The Tribune, 11 November 2001. Newspapers.com.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/322881767/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
This newspaper written in 2001 gives a timeline of even about Agent Orange starting from 1961 to 2001. It shares a veterans story contaminated of Agent Orange and gives thoughts on the beginning of a research between the United States and the Republic of Vietnam on Agent Orange. I used this information for my "Breaking
Barriers" page.
Foote, Rick. “Veterans Blame Agent Orange For Many Ills.” Butte, Montana: The Montana Standard, 21 May 1981. Newspapers.com.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/349648739/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
This newspaper written in 1981 is a primary source discussing struggles Veterans are facing in Montana. It gives information on lawsuits and the opinions from people who work at a VA Hospital. I used this information for my “Breaking Barriers” page.
Fruehling, Tom. “Agent Orange: The Silent Killer.” Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Gazette, 19 Feb 1989. Newspapers.com.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/552131055/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
This newspaper shared stories of contaminated veterans. A wife of a contaminated veteran worries her children as her son is disabled and her daughter might have a genetic mutation as she grows up. It also shares stories from soliders’ losing their friends from Agent Orange. I used these stories as images for my “Impact” page.
Harriman, Jane. “Agent Orange’s Effects Are Not Just Physical.” Wilmington, Delaware: The Morning News, 19 June 1982. Newspapers.com.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/155019057/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
This newspaper is from 19 June 1983 making it a primary source. This newspaper gave me info on hospitals dealing with Vietnam veterans and how they help them. They also share a contaminated veterans struggles against the DVA and their medical problems. I used the info for my “Impact” and “Breaking Barriers” page.
Hoffman, Alan. “Agent Orange: An Insidious Legacy of Vietnam.” New Brunswick, New Jersey: The Central New Jersey Home News, 21 May 1989.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/317851486/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
This newspaper written in 1989 discusses how New Jersey will contribute to helping Veterans who are currently suffering Agent Orange. It gives the opinions on some Vietnam veterans about the New Jersey and the government. I used this information for my "Impact" page.
Murphy, Tom. “Posioned Futures: Agent Orange Ruined Lives, Veterans Say.” Port Huron, Michigan: The Times Herald, 1 November 1987. Newspaper.com.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/210380035/
This newspaper written in 1987 is a primary source, containing multiple interviews with contaminated veterans. It shares the veterans struggles with Agent Orange and how they are handling with their new diseases. I use the quotes and information for my “Impact” page.
Rempel, William. “Agent Orange Records From Court Case Indicate Defoliant’s Makers New Hazards.” Honolulu, Hawaii: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 20 May 1984. Newspapers.com.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/272112561/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
This newspaper written in 1984 shares information on what Dow went through with Agent Orange and the toxic ingredient dioxin. It gives a timeline of events that happened with the chemical companies and what they did with the information on Agent Orange. I used this information for my “Breaking Barriers” page.
Sawyer, Kathy. “Admiral’s Use of Agent Orange Possibly Harmed Son.” Charlotte, North Carolina: The Charlotte Observer, 23 May 1984. Newspapers.com.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/623975800/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
This news article written in 1984 interivews the Zumwalt family. The father Admiral Zumwalt ordered the sprayings of Agent Orange in the river banks in Vietnam. The families share there thoughts about the sprayings and Agent Orange causing diseases. The Senate passed a bill allowing more veterans recieve compensation from the Disabled Veterans Association. I used this information for my "Breaking Barriers" page.
Severo, Richard. “Despite Ken Pullen, Agent Orange Poisoning Doesn’t Exist.” Rutland, Vermont: Rutland Daily Herald, 29 May 1971. Newspapers.com.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/611097333/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
This newspaper written in 1979 talks to people who work witht he Disabled Veterans Association and affected civillians. It shares Dr. Paul A Haber a assistant Chief Medical Director at the Disabled Veteran Association and a farmer that has been sprayed by Agent Orange. I used this information for my “Breaking Barriers” page.
“They’re Whitewashing It.” Phoenix, Arizona: Arizona Republic, 30 March 1990. Newspapers.com.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/122200772/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
The newspaper shows a story of a contaminated veteran shares his point of view of the DVA and use of Agent Orange. Sharing facts of exposure and talks about the link between cancer and Agent Orange. I used a image of the newspaper for my “Impact” page.
“Vietnam Veterans and Agent Orange.” Muncie, Indiana: The Star Press, 3 Nov 1991. Newspapers.com.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/253663122/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
The newspaper gives information on who, what, when, where and how much on Agent Orange. Shares a story of a women who lost her husband to Agent Orange and describes the events of what happened. It provides information on a organization willing to help contaminated veterans and questions if the U.S government is flawed. I used a picture of the story for my “Impact” page.
Widerman, Steve. “Agent Orange handler Feel Guilt, Remorse.” Appleton, Winsconsin: The Post-Crescent, 29 March 1998. Newspapers.com.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/290822448/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
This newspaper written in 1998 interviews Aschenbrenner a contaminated Vietnam Veteran where he shares his service in Vietnam. He was one of the people who sprayed Agent Orange and explains how they flew the planes and sprayed the chemical herbicide. I used this interview for my “Veterans” page.
Interviews
Carter, Wes. Published Interview. 26 October 2016. Propublica. Youtube.com. Online.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7HQPYWJbZQ
Wes Carter explains what he was told about Agent Orange in the war as a C-123 pilot. Then, shares his experience, fighting for agent orange benefits for aircraft pilots. I used a clip from the interview for my "Americans" page.
Blackburn, Don. Published Interview. 6 November 2018. Propublica. Youtube.com. Online.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVpo6k3n6II
Don Blackburn shares his experience in the Vietnam War being sprayed and what he was told about Agent Orange. I used clips of his interview for my pages.
Li, Don. Unpublished Interview. Interviewed Over Phone.
Don Li was a solider who worked in artillary in the Vietnam War. He informed about Agent Orange and how they would not say anything about it unless you brought it up. He had little struggle between the Disabled Veterans Association but believes his diseases is caused by Agent Orange. I used this information for my "Breaking Barriers" page.
Nguyen, Mieng. Published Interview. Unreported World. Youtube.com. Online.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMzJvwG2rsQ
Mieng Nguyen is a mother of children affected by Agent Orange and cannot pay for their medical bills, her son in the hospital suffers from a heart condition. He died a week after the filiming of the documentary. I used a clip of her interview for my "Impact" page.
Pham. Published Interview. 2005. Youtube.com. James Pastouna. Online.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUFlonB69h8
The father of two children affected by Agent Orange shares his experience of being sprayed during the Vietnam war. I used a clip of his interview for my "Toxic Jungle" page.
Photo Credits
A Plane Spraying Agent Orange In Vietnam. Business Insider.
https://i.insider.com/558303b2eab8ea1e5272f8b2?width=300&format=jpeg&auto=webp
Agent Orange Barrel. Global Risk Mitigation Foundation.
https://static.wixstatic.com/media/d56d75_cfac0b31852d449d9d283ed6dadfef8b~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_334,h_430,al_c,q_95,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01/d56d75_cfac0b31852d449d9d283ed6dadfef8b~mv2.webp
All She Hears Is Sad News. Newspapers.com. 1991.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/552131055/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
An Ariel Photograph Showing The Effects Of Agent Orange. All Thats Interesting. 1961-1971.
https://allthatsinteresting.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/agent-orange-defoliation-effects.jpg
Before and After the Defolition Spray Runs in Vietnam. Scroll.in.
https://taskandpurpose.com/.image/c_limit%2Ccs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_700/MTcwNjAwMzIyMTQ2NTc2MDIz/19035472.webp
Children In The Peace Village In Class. MSAVLC.
http://msavlc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Project-2-F.png
Communist Trench Revealed By Ranch Hand Spraying. National
Museum of the United States Air Force.
https://media.defense.gov/2007/Oct/02/2000445239/780/780/0/071002-F-1234P-021.JPG
Draft Letter from President Kennedy to President Diem. Docs Teach. 14 December 1962.
https://www.docsteach.org//images/documents/212901373637/orig_212901373637_168227.jpg?v=aHEKT3zEw
Four Of Us Got Cancer; Two Are Gone. Newspapers.com. 1989.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/552131055/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
Four-ship formation On A Defoliation Mission Spray Run. National Museum of the United States Air Force.
https://media.defense.gov/2007/Oct/02/2000445232/780/780/0/071002-F-1234P-022.JPG
Helicopter Spraying Agent Orange. Cybersurges.
http://cybersarges.tripod.com/images/ao/sprayingh1.jpg
It’s Hard To Watch A Marine Buddy Die. Newspapers.com. 1989.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/552131055/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
Mike Blackedge, Father of Sick Children Contaminated By Agent Orange. Propublica.
Mike Ryan, Behind Him Is A Memorial For His Dead Daughter A Victim Of Agent Orange. Propublica.
https://static.propublica.org/projects/agent-orange-children/assets/images/generated/smk-mhagentorange_005-alt-A-900*1125-19c40f.jpg
Multiple Barrels of Agent Orange. Cybersarges.
http://cybersarges.tripod.com/images/ao/aobarrels2sm.jpg
Multiple Planes Spraying Agent Orange. Global Risk Mitigation.
https://static.wixstatic.com/media/d56d75_3481222620b14df298132db366fa475d~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_636,h_430,al_c,q_90,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01/d56d75_3481222620b14df298132db366fa475d~mv2.webp
Multiple Trees Dead in Vietnam. Global Risk Mitigation.
https://static.wixstatic.com/media/d56d75_90278d523eed44619b25d44c88bd6d41~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_640,h_430,al_c,q_90,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01/d56d75_90278d523eed44619b25d44c88bd6d41~mv2.webp
Plane Spraying Agent Orange in May, 1966. Politico.
https://static.politico.com/dims4/default/0bb21e2/2147483647/resize/1160x/quality/90/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.politico.com%2F1b%2F6d%2F45dbbe434722bb6fe1e95bb7c774%2F19118-agent-orange-plane-ap-773.jpg
Press Release of Letter from President Dwight Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem. Docs Teach. 25 October 1954.
https://www.docsteach.org//images/documents/176742482628/orig_176742482628_119033.jpg?v=dbxDu8ufc
Pressure Him To Get The Test. Newspapers.com. 1991.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/253663122/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
Professer Nguyen Thi Ngoc Phuong with Children Affected By Agent Orange. All Thats Interesting.
Research Facility in Tu Du Hospital. Vietnam net.
http://img.cdn2.vietnamnet.vn/Images/english/2014/04/30/18/20140430180804-1.jpg
Rows of Chemical Herbicides in Barrels. Task and Purpose. 1976.
https://taskandpurpose.com/.image/c_limit%2Ccs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_700/MTcwNjAwMzIyMTQ2NTc2MDIz/19035472.webp
Rows of Barrels Filled with Agent Orange. Cybersarges.
http://cybersarges.tripod.com/aoimg//jatollislbbls.jpg
Silent Forest in Vietnam. Cybersarges.
http://cybersarges.tripod.com/images/ao/spraying15.jpg
Soldiers and Barrels of Agent Orange. Cybersarges.
http://cybersarges.tripod.com/images/ao//aobarrels.jpg
Soldiers Handling Barrels of Agent Orange. Cybersarges.
http://cybersarges.tripod.com/images/ao/aobarrels3.jpg
Soldiers Sorting Out Barrels of Chemical Herbicide. Cybersarges.
http://cybersarges.tripod.com/aoimg//aobblssy.jpg
Soldiers Spraying Agent Orange Without Protection. All Thats Interesting. 1961-1971.
https://allthatsinteresting.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/spraying-agent-orange-ranch-hand.jpg
Soldiers Spraying Agent Orange On Top Of An ATV Without Protection. All Thats Interesting. 1961-1971.
https://allthatsinteresting.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/atv-spraying-agent-orange.jpg
Spraying Agent Orange Over The River. Cybersarges.
http://cybersarges.tripod.com/images/ao/spraying12.jpg
Storage of Agent Orange. Research Gate.
They’re Whitewashing It. Newspapers.com.
https://www.newspapers.com/image/122200720/?terms=Agent%2BOrange
Trees Losing Their Leaves From Agent Orange. Global Risk Mitigation Foundation.
https://www.globalriskmitigation.org/tropical-agriculture?lightbox=dataItem-jerugflg2
Tram, Victim of Agent Orange. Ade Adepitan.
http://adeadepitan.com/content/images/2017/05/IMG_2255.JPG
Unborn Fetsus Kept In Jars. Vietnam net.
http://img.cdn2.vietnamnet.vn/Images/english/2014/04/30/18/20140430180804-4.jpg
Victim of Agent Orange In Hoa Binh Peach Village. MSAVLC.
http://msavlc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Project-2-C.png
Whole Forest Dead Due to Agent Orange. Global Risk Mitigation.
https://static.wixstatic.com/media/d56d75_90278d523eed44619b25d44c88bd6d41~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_640,h_430,al_c,q_90,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01/d56d75_90278d523eed44619b25d44c88bd6d41~mv2.webp
Secondary Sources
Books
Berman, Larry. ZUMWALT: The Life and Times of Admiral Elmo Russel "Bud" Zumwalt, Jr.. New York, New York: HaperCollins Publishers. Online.
This book tell the life of Admiral Zumwalt, the navy officer who ordered Agent Orange sprayings on the rivers in Vietnam, how he felt pain and grief after the loss of his son due to Agent Orange. After his sons death he would make it his life for Veterans to recieve compensation and have other people hear their story. This book is secondary source being written as a biography, I used this information for my Veterans page.
Sills, Peter. Toxic War The Story Of Agent Orange. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press. Print.
Toxic War gave me information on how Agent Orange was used and sprayed. It informs how the U.S had a meeting with Ngo Dinh Diem, how they used modified C-123s and the DVA and government secrecy. I used the information from the book to write my script.
Waugh, Charles. "Family Of Fallen Leaves." Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2010. Online.
Family of Fallen Leaves shares a collection of fiction and non-fiction stories of families suffering from jungle defoliant in Vietnam. It shares many stories written by different Vietnamese writers having stories such as "A Child, a Man" and "Grace. I used this information for my "Impact" page.
Documentary
"Agent Orange/Dioxin And The Right To Life." Richard Hughes. 24 November 2013. Online.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5P2LLCjDtk&t=2s
This documentary visits Vietnam and interviews doctors about Agent Orange. It shows families affected by Agent Orange and their struggles living with Agent Orange. The doctors shows diagrams explaining the diseases the children suffer and the parents explain how hard it is for them to live in Vietnam with deformed children. I used this information for my "Impact" page.
“Children Of Agent Orange.” Timeline. 6 November 2018. Online.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVpo6k3n6II
Children Of Agent Orange interviews veterans and doctors on Agent Orange. They explained how they were sprayed and the spray missions in Vietnam. Then, they visit families affected by Agent Orange. I used the veterans and Vietnamese point of views for my pages and script.
“The Vietnam War’s Agent Orange Legacy.” Unreported World. 13 September 2017. Online.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMzJvwG2rsQ
This documentary gives insight on the families in Vietnam that are affected by Agent Orange. Visiting Da Nang hospital interviewing the doctor there and showing the children with birth deformities. It talks to different families both impacted from Agent Orange. I used the information given by the families for my "Impact" page.
“Toxic Rain - The Legacy of Agent Orange.” James Pastuona. 2005. Online.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUFlonB69h8
Toxic rain shows families affected by Agent Orange and how their lives work. It shows an organization formed to help children who suffer from Agent Orange by hosting charities and a home. I used the point of views from the families for my "Impact" page.
"What Is Agent Orange?" History. 27 September 2017. Online.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJaJbq9aRFI
What Is Agent Orange gives all the base information on Agent Orange. It gives an introduction and a little context of Agent Orange and the troubles it caused. It gave me the general information of Agent Orange and set me into the right direction for my research study.
Websites
“Agent Orange.” History.com. 2 August 2011. https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/agent-orange-1
This website gives information on Agent Orange its legacy and the effects caused by Agent Orange. It discusses the battle between veterans and the Disabled American Veterans Association. I used the information from the website for my "Breaking Barrier" page.
“Agent Orange - Agents of Death.” Southeastasiaglobe.com. 6 September 2019.
https://southeastasiaglobe.com/how-agent-oranges-toxic-legacy-lives-on-today/
This website shows the lives of Vietnamese veterans who fought in the war are affected by Agent Orange. Children who never fought in the war are affected by
Agent Orange when they should not be. I used the information for my script writing.
“Agent Orange’s Long Legacy, for Vietnam and Veterans.” Nytimes.com. 11 May 2014.
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/12/us/agent-oranges-long-legacy-for-vietnam-and-veterans.html
This websites gives info on the contaminated bases in Vietnam and their contamination levels. Then it shows the DVA providing compensation for illnesses and giving veterans compensation. I used the given information for my "Toxic Jungle".
“At Tu Du Hospital, optimism remains high despite challenges.” Peoplesworld.org. 12 April 2016.
https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/at-tu-du-hospital-optimism-remains-high-despite-challenges/
This website shares how children of Agent Orange living in Vietnam are living today. The hospital provides education for them to prepare for the real world. I used this information for my "Impact" page.
“Domino Theory.” History.com 9 November 2009.
https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/domino-theory
This website has information on President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Domino Theory if Vietnam were to fall to communisum, the neighboring countries will fall as well. I used the information from the website to write my script.
“Hoa Binh Peace Village - Vietnam.” Msavlc.org. 21 October 2015.
http://msavlc.org/hoa-binh-peace-village-vietnam/
This website shows how the children affected by Agent Orange living in Vietnam are being taken care of. It provides home, education and love for the children and prepares them for the real world. I used the information to write the "Impact" script.
“The Children of Agent Orange.” Propublica.org. 16 December 2016.
https://www.propublica.org/article/the-children-of-agent-orange
The website shows two Vietnam veterans’ and they are living today with their children. Then, it goes into the legal controversery between veterans and the Disabled American Veterans Association. I used the veterans point of view to write my script and used images from the website.
"The Forgotten Victims of Agent Orange." The New York Times. 15 September 2017. Online.
This website discusses the forgotten victims of Agent Orange who are Vietnamese people. They show the tragedies they faced from Agent Orange and said Vietnam veterans used the 50 gall barrels to contain Agent Orange were used as showers contaminationg them. This was one of the very first websites at the start of my research and helped me decide what I wanted to research and constructing my script.
Photo Credits
Drawing of Planes Spraying Agent Orange. Propublica.
https://static.propublica.org/projects/alvin-young/assets/images/generated/spraying-final-a-1200*664-9ffaf8.jpg
Dwight D. Eisenhower. Wikipedia.
Ho Chi Minh. Wikipedia.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Ho_Chi_Minh_1946.jpg
John F. Kennedy. Wikipedia.
Lynden B. Johnson. Wikipedia.
Map of Vietnam During the Indochina War 1954. Wikipedia.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/First_Indochina_War_map_1954_en.svg/220px-First_Indochina_War_map_1954_en.svg.png
Map of Vietnam 1954. University of Texas Libaries.
https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/vietnam_pol92.jpg
Ngo Dinh Diem. The Daily Telegraph.
https://cdn.newsapi.com.au/image/v1/b3552b5e12a814e105259f3c6b6c919d?width=316
